Theory of tourism and tourism management

FOREWORD

Chapter 1. Introductory problems ... 15
1.1. Introduction ... 15
1.2. Determination of the objective of this work ... 16
1.3. Need for a tourism reality theory .... 16
1.4. Specificity of tourism management ... 17
1.5. Usefulness of the different management options
in tourism management ....................................................................................... 18
1.6. Literature ............................................................................................................. 20
1.7. Constructional assumptions ................................................................................ 20
PART I. ANATOMY OF THE TOURISM REALITY PHENOMENA ............................... 23
Chapter 2
Forming a basic formation of the tourism reality ......................................................... 25
2.1. Forming a model of tourism reality ..................................................................... 25
2.1.1. Definitions of the terms ?system? and ?tourism reality? ........................... 25
2.1.2. Systematization of the basic tourism reality phenomena ......................... 27
2.1.3. Forming the terms creating the basic coupling formation ....................... 30
Chapter 3
Tourism reality in the shape of two formations ............................................................ 37
3.1. Components of the tourism reality as two formations ........................................ 37
3.2. Definitions of the tourism reality as two formations .......................................... 40
Chapter 4
Tourism reality as two subsystems: tourism and tourism management....................... 45
4.1. Creating formations ............................................................................................. 45
4.2. Formulating the definitions of the above-mentioned subsystem ....................... 48
Chapter 5
Tourism in the form of two subsystems ......................................................................... 59
5.1. Creating subsystems: tourist movement
and tourist movement service ............................................................................. 59
5.2. Formulating definitions of the tourist movement
and tourist movement service ............................................................................. 62
Chapter 6
Conclusive results of a reductive description
of the basic tourism phenomena .................................................................................... 69
6.1. Forming the four subsystems of tourism ............................................................. 69
a) Creating formations of cultivating touring
and organization touring ................................................................................ 69
b) Creating formations of direct and indirect tourism service ........................... 71
6.2. Formulating definitions of the four basic tourism phenomena .......................... 75
a) Definitions of cultivating touring .................................................................... 75
b) Definitions of organization touring ................................................................ 83
c) Definitions of direct tourism service ............................................................... 87
d) Definitions of indirect tourism service ............................................................ 91
e) Model of tourism as four subsystems joined together .................................... 94
Chapter 7
Separating subsystems directing and steering tourism ................................................ 97
7.1. Separating the basic kinds of tourism management ........................................... 97
7.2. Creating formations of tourism management ..................................................... 99
7.2.1. Main requirements necessary for the functioning
of the social formation of tourism management ....................................... 99
7.2.2. Character of relations which occur in tourism management
between the elements of social formations ............................................. 101
7.2.3 Defining the means of managerial activity ............................................... 103
7.3. Definitions of the tourism management subsystems......................................... 103
Chapter 8
Separating four subsystems of tourism managment ................................................... 109
8.1. Lower level tourism management ..................................................................... 109
8.2. Middle level tourism management .................................................................... 114
8.3. Strategic management in tourism ..................................................................... 117
8.4. State-controlled tourism management .............................................................. 122
8.5. Characteristics of the specificities and cognitive values of the previously
distinguished groups of definitions ................................................................... 126
8.5.1. Differences in the character of the formulated definitions ..................... 126
8.5.2. Structure of the definitions? drawings..................................................... 127
8.5.3. Cognitive values of the formulated definitions ........................................ 128
8.5.4. Institutions managing touring ................................................................. 128
8.6. Four directions of tourism management as one system ................................... 129
8.7. Direct results of this work ................................................................................. 129
Chapter 9
Tourism reality in the light of the general tourism theory.......................................... 131
9.1. Different degrees of the generality and minuteness when viewing
the phenomena of the tourism reality ............................................................... 131
9.2. Value of the tourism reality seen from the different degree
of totality versus minuteness ............................................................................. 132
9.2.1. Tourism reality as one organizational-functional system ....................... 132
9.2.2. Tourism reality as a complex of two subsystems
? tourism and tourism management ....................................................... 133
9.2.3. Tourism reality as consisting of two basic
and two managerial subsystems .............................................................. 134
9.2.4. Tourism reality as a complex of eight subsystems
? four basic tourism activities and four basic directions
of tourism management ........................................................................... 134
9.3. Different faces of the world of the tourism reality phenomena ........................ 135
9.3.1. Values of the structural point of view ...................................................... 135
9.3.2. Anatomy of the tourism system phenomena ........................................... 135
9.3.3. Functional point of view .......................................................................... 136
9.4. Components of the world of the tourism reality ............................................... 137
9.5. Functional typology of the elements of the tourism reality .............................. 137
9.6. Basic types of the tourism system phenomena ................................................. 138
9.7. Internal structure of the tourism reality phenomena ....................................... 139
PART II. MANAGERIAL PROCESS IN TOURISM ..................................................... 141
Chapter 10
Forming the organizational structure
of the tourism management system ............................................................................. 143
10.1. Current developing stage of the tourism managerial structure ........................ 143
10.2. Basis of the specifics of the regional structures of POT .................................... 144
10.3. Typology of the route organizational tourism structures .................................. 145
10.4. Regional structure of tourism service organization .......................................... 145
10.5. Autonomous aims of the regional tourism organizations ................................. 146
10.6. Probable expected results from the fact of the existence
of a regional tourism organizational structure ................................................. 146
10.7. Existence of organizational culture in an organization within
a tourism structure ............................................................................................ 146
Chapter 11
Needs and motives of cultivating touring as the bisis for drafting
the social aims of tourism management ...................................................................... 149
11.1. Needs, wants and motives ................................................................................. 149
11.2. Needs and conditions for fulfilling tourists? needs ........................................... 152
11.3. Basis for typology of the main components of a complementary
tourism market .................................................................................................. 153
Chapter 12
Social aims of tourism management ........................................................................... 155
12.1 Place of the idea of forming and functioning of the complementary
tourism market in the substantiation of the social aims
of tourism management ..................................................................................... 156
12.2. Notion of the complementary tourism market .................................................. 156
12.3. Relativity of the notion of the complementary tourism market ........................ 158
12.4. Aim or complex of basic aims of the tourism management .............................. 159
12.5. Secondary aims of tourism management .......................................................... 161
12.6. Managerial aims directed towards means or resources ................................... 161
Chapter 13
Conditions for the effective and efficient running
of the managerial process ............................................................................................ 163
13.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 163
13.2. Basics for the consideration of tourism management ...................................... 163

Chapter 14
Tourism and tourism management .............................................................................. 165
14.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 165
14.2. Substantiation of the degree of meaning of directions
of tourism management ..................................................................................... 166
14.3. Subject of tourism management........................................................................ 167
Chapter 15
Higher level tourism mangement ................................................................................ 169
15.1. Basic directions of strategic tourism management........................................... 169
15.2. One or many aims of strategic tourism management ....................................... 169
15.3. Strategy of forming a complementary tourism market .................................... 170
15.4. Definition of the premises for formulating strategic plans
for forming a complementary tourism market ................................................. 171
15.5. Strategic management to form demand for attendance
in tourist excursions ........................................................................................... 172
15.6. Cadre strategic management ............................................................................. 173
15.6.1. Basis for a rational cadre policy ............................................................ 174
15.6.2. Different methods to obtain the necessary cadre .................................. 174
15.7. Strategic management in services ..................................................................... 175
15.8. Strategies creating conditions for functioning
of a complementary tourism market ................................................................. 175
15.9. Place of strategic control in tourism management ........................................... 176
15.10. Strategic financial management....................................................................... 176
Chapter 16
State-controlled tourism management ........................................................................ 177
16.1. Tourism development supported by the highest state
and government institutions .............................................................................. 177
16.2. Policy of the state or self-government administrative bodies ........................... 178

Chapter 17
Middle level tourism managment ................................................................................ 179
17.1. Harmonisation of functionality of a local complementary
tourism market .................................................................................................. 179
17.2. Supporting the activity directed towards the growth
of the assortment and quality of the services provided ..................................... 180
17.3. Activities supporting the efficient and effective process of harmonization
of a functioning of a complementary tourism market ...................................... 180
Chapter 18
Lower level tourism management ............................................................................... 181
18.1. Specifics of lower level management ................................................................ 181
18.2. Lower level tourism management in providing services .................................. 182
18.3. Structure of the process of providing services .................................................. 182
18.4. Core product of the basic kinds of services ....................................................... 183
18.5. Services connected with business journeys ...................................................... 184
18.6. Lower level management with reference to travel agency companies ............. 184
Chapter 19
Summarising the results of the considerations ........................................................... 187
PART III. ACTIVITY PROMOTING TOURISM MANAGEMENT ................................ 191
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 192
Chapter 20
Model of knowledge about the tourism system, the base for builing
a thesaurus of the tourism data bank .......................................................................... 193
20.1. Need for knowledge about the tourism system phenomena ............................. 193
20.2. Notion of knowledge about the tourism system as the basis
for building a thesaurus of the tourism data bank ............................................ 193
20.3. Assumptions laying the foundations for constructing a thesaurus
of the tourism data bank system ........................................................................ 194
20.4. Knowledge about cultivating touring ................................................................ 195
20.5. Knowledge about touring organization ............................................................. 196
20.6. Knowledge about direct tourism service ........................................................... 197
20.7. Knowledge about indirect tourism service ....................................................... 197
20.8. Knowledge about lower level tourism management ......................................... 197
20.9. Knowledge about middle level tourism management ....................................... 198
20.10. Knowledge about higher level tourism management ....................................... 198
20.11. Knowledge about state level tourism management .......................................... 198
20.12. Summarising...................................................................................................... 199
Chapter 21
Method of identifying the main scientific disciplines for tourism system ................. 201
21.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 201
21.2. Two points of view regarding the meaning of sciences connected
with the tourism system knowledge .................................................................. 201
21.3. Science or knowledge about tourism basic phenomena ................................... 202
21.4. Disciplines connected with tourism management ............................................ 204
Chapter 22
Qualification model of the managerial cadre in tourism ............................................ 205
22.1. Basic components of the model of cadre qualifications ................................... 205
22.2. Place of cadre typology in research of the level of qualification ...................... 206
22.3. Place of personality values in the model of the cadre qualification ................. 207
22.4. Knowledge about lower level tourism management ......................................... 207
22.5. Knowledge about higher managerial levels of the tourism reality ................... 208
22.6. Specialist knowledge about tourism management ........................................... 208
22.7. Model of the lower level tourism management cadre ....................................... 209
22.8. Cadres of indirect tourism leading .................................................................... 210
22.9. Model of the cadre qualification of strategic tourism management ................. 210
22.10. Model of the cadre qualification of oblique tourism management .................. 211
Chapter 23
Necessary research directions and the method of identifying
the tourism potential .................................................................................................... 213
23.1. Specific versions of forming tourist regional physical plans ............................ 213
VOCABULARY OF THE NOTIONS USED IN THE BOOK ...................................... 215